Celebrating Women

Route starts at Hyde Park Corner

STOP: Twiggy

LOCATION: Bourdon Place, off Grosvenor Hill

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This represents Terence Donovan (who had his studio round the corner at 30 Bourdon Street) photographing model Twiggy with a shopper passing by. The sculptures reference the 1960s although Donovan was not based here until 1978, by which point he was primarily focused on advertising and film work. At the time he was photographing Twiggy in the 1960s, Donovan’s studio was actually in Knightsbridge. 

Born in Neasden in 1949 as Lesley Hornby (and now Dame Lesley Lawson), Twiggy became the iconic face of London and the swinging sixties.

She was initially known for her thin build and the androgynous appearance because of her big eyes, long eyelashes, and short hair.   In January 1966, aged 16, she had her hair coloured and cut short by celebrity hairdresser Leonard. The hair stylist was looking for models on whom to try out his new crop haircut and he styled her hair in preparation for a few test head shots. 

A photographer took several photos for Leonard, which the hairdresser hung in his salon. A fashion journalist from the Daily Express, saw the images and asked to meet the young girl.

The journalist had more photos taken. A few weeks later, the publication featured an article and images of Hornby, declaring her "The Face of ’66".  The copy read: "The Cockney kid with a face to launch a thousand shapes... and she's only 16”.

The bronze figures are by Neal French and were commissioned by Grosvenor Estates to mark the redevelopment of their building on nearby Grosvenor Hill.   Twiggy unveiled the sculptures in 2012.

They show Twiggy as she posed in one of Donovan’s most famous shots of her.  She was wearing a typical 1960s ensemble of a taffeta waistcoat and skirt by Mary Quant. 

STOP: Nell Gwynne

LOCATION: Nell Gwynn House, Sloane Avenue

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The name of these luxury Art Deco flats is a nod to the fact that Nell Gwynn ‘founded’ the nearby Royal Hospital, Chelsea. While there’s zero evidence for that particular claim, Nell was a mistress of the hospital’s founder, King Charles II with a story echoing the rags-to-royalty tale of Cinderella. She enjoyed a meteoric rise from the slums of Covent Garden (via the stage of Theatre Royal Drury Lane) to the bed of the King.

Called "pretty, witty Nell" by Pepys, Nell is regarded as a living embodiment of the spirit of Restoration England.  She had two sons by King Charles, one of which died as an infant. 

There is some doubt about Nell’s birth date (between 1642 and 1650) which parallels numerous other obscurities that run through the course of her life. The information we have about Gwyn is collected from various sources, including the plays she starred in, satirical poetry and pictures, diaries, and letters. As such, her story is founded on hearsay, gossip, and rumour, and must therefore be handled with caution.

In her early teens, Nell Gwyn was engaged to sell oranges at the King’s Theatre. Her natural wit and complete lack of self-consciousness caught the eye of the playwright Dryden, who wrote plays to exploit her talents as a comic actress.

Charles had 13 mistresses and had 13 children by these ‘ladies’.  He supported the children he believed were his.

Nell not greedy and grasping like her rivals, but she did receive a house near Pall Mall. King Charles gave her a pension of £4000 a year from rents in Ireland and later another £5000 a year out of the Secret Service Fund. When he lay dying King Charles begged his heir, the Duke of York, “not to let poor Nellie starve”.

Unlike Charles’ other mistresses, Nell never received a title herself, but by using clever tactics she obtained a title for her son.

“Come here you little bastard” she is reputed to have said to her small son in the Kings presence. The King was horrified, but as Nell asked, “what should she call him, was not bastard true?” The King immediately made him Duke of St. Albans!  Murray Beauclerk, today’s 14th Duke of St Albans is a direct descendant.

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When the Charles died in 1685 Nell’s creditors descended upon her – she never did starve, but was in grave danger of being sent to a Debtors prison. She appealed to King James and to his credit, he settled her immediate debts and gave her a pension of £1500 a year.

Nell survived Charles by only two years and was only in her thirties when she died. She became a legend, the only royal mistress in English history to provoke popular affection.

STOP: Ada Lovelace

LOCATION: Corner of Horseferry Road and Dean Bradley Street. Seven storeys up, view from Dean Ryle Street

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The statue of Ada Lovelace, the pioneer of computing is seven storeys up on the corner of a building on Horseferry Road.   

Born in 1815, Ada Lovelace was the only legitimate child of poet Lord Byron and reformer Anne Isabella Milbanke. All her half-siblings, Lord Byron's other children, were born out of wedlock to other women. 

Lord Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever. He died in Greece whilst fighting in the Greek War of Independence. Ada was eight. 

Lady Byron was anxious about her daughter's upbringing and promoted Lovelace's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing her father's perceived insanity. 

Despite this, Lovelace remained interested in her father, naming one son Byron and the other Gordon - her father's middle name.

In 1833 Ada was introduced to Charles Babbage, an inventor who invited her to see the prototype of his ‘difference engine’, a machine that could automatically solve calculations. Ada’s genius was realising that this machine could be programmed not just to calculate sums but a could be fed all manner of inputs. She’s credited with inventing the algorithm and Babbage called her the ‘enchantress of numbers’. In effect, the first computer programmer.

Lovelace died at the age of 36 on 27 November 1852 and was buried next to her father at her request.

STOP: Violette Szabo

LOCATION: In the riverside gardens opposite Lambeth Palace on Lambeth Palace Road

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Szabo served as a Special Operations Executive agent during the Second World War. She was a posthumous recipient of the George Cross. (The George Cross is the highest British award for gallantry not in the presence of the enemy).

The SOE was founded by Winston Churchill in 1940.  Their aim was to gather intelligence and sabotage enemy plans. Szabo was one of around 50 women sent to Nazi-occupied France as agents. 

Violette was born in Paris in 1921.  Her father was a British driver in France in WW1, which is where he met her mother.  After the war the couple lived in London, where her father worked as a taxi-driver, car salesman and shopkeeper.  Violette lived in Picardy for a while, then Brixton and at the outbreak of the Second World War, she was working at Le Bon Marché, a Brixton department store.

In early 1940, she joined the Women's Land Army, and after a whirlwind romance she married Étienne Szabo, a decorated officer in the French Foreign Legion.  Bored with mundane jobs, Violette enlisted in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. 

It is unclear how or why Szabo was recruited by the SOE, but her fluency in French and her previous service in the ATS probably has a bearing.

Szabo was sent to the SOE "finishing school" at Beaulieu, Hampshire, where she learnt escape and evasion, uniform recognition, communications and cryptography, and had further training in weaponry. The final stage in training was parachute jumping.

On her second mission into occupied France, and after holding off the enemy single-handedly for around half an hour (allowing her companion to escape) Szabo was captured by the German army, interrogated, tortured, and deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany, where she was executed, aged just 23.

Forty-one female SOE agents served in France, some for more than two years, most for only a few months. Twenty-six of them survived World War II. Twelve were executed including Szabo, one was killed when her ship was sunk, two died of disease while imprisoned, and one died of natural causes. 

STOP: Mary Seacole

LOCATION: St Thomas' Riverside Garden, off Westminster Bridge Road

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This is often described as London’s first statue of a named black woman.  Mary Seacole was famous for her nursing work during the Crimean War. The round disc behind her is a cast of the earth from Crimea where she worked in the mid 19th century.

Born in Jamaica in 1805, Seacole was inspired by Florence Nightingale’s work and volunteered to join her but was was told she didn’t qualify. Undeterred she made her own plans, travelling to Crimea and establishing the ‘British Hotel’ where she nursed soldiers back to health.

Seacole intended that the "British Hotel", be "a mess-table and comfortable quarters for sick and convalescent officers". However, she was told that officers did not need overnight accommodation, so she instead made it into a restaurant/bar/catering service. It proved to be very popular.

Seacole had arrived in the UK from from Panama, where she had provided services for prospectors going overland to and from the California Gold Rush.   She missed the first three major battles of the war, as she was busy in London attending to her gold investments.  But she was on the battlefield for three later battles, going out to attend to the fallen.

She was largely forgotten for almost a century after her death. Her autobiography, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands (1857), was the first autobiography written by a Black woman in Britain. 

This statue was unveiled in 2016, and the description of her as a "pioneer", generated some controversy and opposition, especially among those concerned with Nightingale's legacy.

In 1990, Seacole was (posthumously) awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit. In 2004, she was voted the greatest Black Briton.

STOP: Boudica and her daughters

LOCATION: North west side of Westminster Bridge, opposite Big Ben

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Boudica was queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence.

Boudica's husband Prasutagus, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the Roman emperor in his will. When he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped. Imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and loans that had been forced on reluctant Britons were called in.

In AD 60, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester) which was a settlement for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried from Anglesey to London.  

London was only 20 years old at this point, but it became the rebels' next target. 

The Roman forces were unable to defend the settlement and it was abandoned to the rebels. Boudica's army burnt it to the ground. In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 people were slaughtered by Boudica's followers. The Roman governor, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons.  

Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly after her defeat in battle. The crisis caused Emperor Nero to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but the Roman victory over Boudica re-confirmed Roman control of the province.  

It’s worth remembering that most of the people Boudicca slaughtered were in fact Britons who had adopted a Roman way of life, not immigrants from the continent. So it is somewhat odd how we celebrate someone who slaughtered so many Brits.

STOP: Emeline Pankhurst

LOCATION: North end of Victoria Tower Gardens, Millbank

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Pankhurst was a leading figure in the fight for Women’s suffrage.  She was the founder of the Women’s Social and Political Union whose slogan was ‘deeds not words’.  They were the sufragettes.   

Irritated by the lack of progress through traditional lobbying she encouraged women to rise up and incited violence; paintings were slashed, bombs were planted and shop windows were smashed.  This was in stark contrast to the other groups arguing for women’s suffrage, who were known as suffragists, largely following peaceful avenues (and we’ll be meeting one shortly). 

Some historians say their militancy damaged their cause.

The suffragettes highly visible campaigns had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement. While there was a majority of support for women’s suffrage in parliament, the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign. 

The Cat and Mouse Act was passed by Parliament in 1913 in an attempt to prevent suffragettes from becoming martyrs in prison. It provided for the release of those whose hunger strikes and forced feeding made them sick, as well as their re-imprisonment once they had recovered. The result was even greater publicity for the cause.

The carved portrait of Emeline’s daughter and fellow suffragette Christobel Pankhurst also appears on the monument.

STOP: Modern Martyrs

LOCATION: Above the entrance to Westminster Abbey

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On the front of Westminster Abbey are a row of statues from 1998, far younger than the church which (this version at least) was consecrated in 1269. These are the Modern Martyrs - people who died for their beliefs in the 20th century. 

Manche Masemola (2nd from left) was born into the Pedi tribe in South Africa in 1913.  When she was just 15 she was killed by her parents for her Christian beliefs, having converted at a local mission when she was only 6 years old.

In 1935 a little group of Christians made a pilgrimage to the grave. Another followed in 1941; a third in 1949. Now, hundreds visit the pilgrimage site every August. Ironically Manche's mother converted to Christianity and was baptised forty years later in 1969.

Grand Duchess Elizabeth (4th from left) was born in 1864. As a child she came to England to live under the protection of her grandmother, Queen Victoria. 

Elizabeth married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the fifth son of Tsar Alexander II and in 1891 she adopted the Russian Orthodox faith.

In 1905, her husband was assassinated and this marked a turning point in Elizabeth's life. She gave away her jewellery and sold her most luxurious possessions, and with the proceeds she opened the Martha and Mary home in Moscow, to foster the prayer and charity of devout women. Their work flourished: soon they opened a hospital and a variety of other philanthropic ventures arose.

However, in March 1917 the Tsarist state collapsed, and the Bolsheviks seized power. The Bolshevik party was avowedly atheistic, and it considered the Orthodox Church part of the old regime.

Hundreds of priests and nuns were imprisoned, sent to labour camps, and killed. Churches were closed or destroyed. 

Elizabeth was arrested with two sisters from her convent and imprisoned. 

On 17 July 1918 the Tsar and his family were shot dead. During the following night Elizabeth and other members of the royal family were murdered in a mineshaft.

Esther John (3rd from the right) was born Qamar Zia in India  in 1929.

In her late teens she converted to Christianity and after moving to Pakistan during partition she ran away from home to avoid an arranged marriage to a Muslim.

She found her way back to Karachi and worked in an orphanage.  It was there she took the name Esther John. Her family pressed her to return and to marry, but in 1955 she moved to the Punjab where she worked in a mission hospital and as a teacher.

By early 1959 she was evangelising in the villages, travelling from one to the other by bicycle, teaching women to read and working with them in the cotton fields.

Her death was sudden and mysterious. On 2 February 1960 Esther John was found dead in her bed. She had been brutally murdered.

OPTIONAL STOP: Millicent Garrett Fawcett

LOCATION: West side of Parliament Square (the route above does not pass this stop, you'll need to detour. Watch out for tourists!)

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In 2018 Millicent Garrett Fawcett became the first women to join the many statues of men in Parliament Square. 

A tireless campaigner for women throughout her long life, Millicent Garrett Fawcett holds a banner declaring “Courage calls to courage everywhere”, a rallying cry to those who want reform.  Millicent was a ‘Suffragist’, unlike Emeline Pankhurst, who we saw earlier, and who was a ‘suffragette’

From 1897 to 1919 she led Britain's largest women's rights group, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies.  She said ”I cannot say I became a suffragist. I always was one”  

She also tried to broaden women's chances of higher education, as a governor of Bedford College, (now Royal Holloway) and co-founding Newnham College, Cambridge in 1871.

She was 82 when she died in 1929.

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TOILETS IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE

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STOP: Florence Nightingale

LOCATION: Junction of Waterloo Place and Pall Mall)

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The mother of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale is the world’s most famous nurse. Her statue is in front of the memorial to the Crimean War in which her principals of cleanliness and quarantine zones saved many lives.

Florence was named after the city of her birth. She grew up on picturesque English country estates and her upper middle class upbringing included an extensive home education from her father. Florence excelled in maths and science. Her love of recording and organising information was clear from an early age – she documented her extensive shell collection with precisely drawn tables and lists.

Although she was under great pressure to marry, nothing could sway Florence from her mission to nurse. She defied her parents' wishes and visited hospitals in Paris, Rome and London.

In 1850, realising his daughter was unlikely to marry, Florence’s father finally relented and allowed her to train as a nurse in Germany. In August 1853, a breakthrough finally came: Florence became superintendent at a women's hospital in Harley Street. 

Her genius was not only in practical medicine, but in statistics. She persuaded Queen Victoria to set up an investigation into the army’s health, establishing that 16-18,000 deaths were caused by poor sanitation. Nightingale’s work changed the way the army hospitals were run and fatalities dropped by 99% in a year.

Before Florence died at the age of 90, she became the first woman to be awarded the Order of Merit

STOP: Edith Cavell

LOCATION: Junction of Charing Cross Road and St Martin's Place

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Edith Cavell (1865-1915) was a British nurse, working in German-occupied Belgium during the First World War. She helped hundreds of British, French and Belgian soldiers escape the Germans and was arrested, tried and executed in 1915.

Edith was born in Norfolk. She was the daughter of a rector and worked as a governess in Belgium, before training to be a nurse in London. She worked in hospitals in Shoreditch, Kings Cross and Manchester and then accepted a position in Brussels as Matron in Belgium's first training hospital and school for nurses. 

There was no established nursing profession in Belgium at the time, and her pioneering work led her to be considered the founder of modern nursing education in that country.

When was broke out she felt it was her duty to return to Brussels immediately.   

By August, Brussels was occupied by the Germans. The nursing school became a Red Cross hospital, treating casualties from both sides, as well as continuing to treat civilians. 

In September 1914, Edith was asked to help two wounded British soldiers trapped behind German lines following the Battle of Mons. She treated the men in her hospital and then arranged to have them smuggled out of Belgium into neutral Netherlands. 

She became part of a network of people who sheltered Allied soldiers. Over the next 11 months she helped around 200 British, French and Belgian soldiers, sheltering them in the hospital and arranging for guides to take them to the border. 

In August 1915, she was arrested.

Edith was tried at court martial on 7 October 1915, along with 34 other people involved in the network. She was found guilty and shot by a firing squad five days later.

   
Although her execution was legal under international law, it caused outrage in Britain and in many neutral countries, such as the United States. She became a symbol of the Allied cause, and her memory was invoked in recruitment posters and messages in Britain and around the world.

After the war, her body was exhumed and brought back to Britain. A memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey, and she was reburied in Norwich Cathedral.

Her monument is very specific: Dawn. October 12 1915.

STOP: Agatha Christie

LOCATION: Junction of Great Newport Street and Cranbourn Street, opposite Arts Theatre.

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Agatha Christie lived from 1890 to 1976 and is the world's best-known mystery writer. Her books have sold over a billion copies in the English language and another billion in 44 foreign languages. She is the most widely published author of all time in any language, outsold only by the Bible and Shakespeare.

Her writing career spanned more than half a century, during which she wrote 80 novels and short story collections (66 were detective novels), as well as 14 plays, one of which (The Mousetrap) is the longest-running play in history. She created Hercule Poirot and the irrepressible Miss Marple.

Agatha Christie also wrote romantic novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. And she wrote four non-fiction books including an autobiography and an entertaining account of the many expeditions she shared with her archaeologist husband, Sir Max Mallowan.

This statue was unveiled in 2012 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of The Mousetrap. 

All over the sculpture are little emblems representing Christie’s novels and stories which have captured the imagination of millions, including the little cheese-laden mousetrap right at the top.

What perhaps you don’t know about Christie is that she was the first western woman to surf standing up. This was in 1922.

STOP: Margaret Ethel MacDonald

LOCATION: Inside Lincoln's Inn Fields park, north side

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Margaret Gladstone was born in 1870 in Kensington. 

Her mother died soon after she was born. She was educated both at home and at college in Bayswater. As a young adult she was involved in voluntary social work and by 1890, Margaret was a keen socialist, influenced by the Christian socialists and the Fabian Society.

In 1894, she joined the Women's Industrial Council, serving on several committees and organising the enquiry into home work in London. She met Ramsay MacDonald through this work and they married in 1896. 

She was comfortably off, although not wealthy.

After her marriage she was concerned about the need for skilled work and training for women and played a key part in establishing the first trade schools for girls in 1904.

She was a member of the National Union of Women Workers and served on the executive of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. She was opposed to militant action.

Her marriage to Ramsay MacDonald was a very happy one, and they had six children.  After Margaret MacDonald's death on 8 September 1911, Ramsay MacDonald became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times but never remarried. 

Carved around the sculpture’s plinth is one of London’s loveliest epitaph’s ending with; “She quickened faith and zeal in others by her life and took no rest from doing good”.

She’s shown surrounded by her happy children.  It’s said this memorial was designed by her husband, although sculpted Richard Goulden.

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STOP: Louise Brandeth Aldrich Blake

LOCATION: Tavistock Square Gardens, south east corner

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There’s no shortage of medical history in Bloomsbury, but one name that often gets forgotten is Louisa Brandreth Aldrich Blake.

The daughter of a clergyman, Aldrich-Blake was born in 1865 and showed early signs of being destined for a medical career when, aged 8, she set up a local animal hospital for her friends. 

She went on to be a respected surgeon who made a huge contribution to medicine either side of World War 1, and to saving lives during the conflict itself. 

Aldrich-Blake was the first woman to obtain a Master of Surgery degree. She was the first female surgical registrar, anaesthetist, and lecturer on anaesthetics. She later became the very first surgeon of either sex to perform operations for cervical and rectal cancer. 

It is important to view her achievements in an historical context. In 1894 there were just 40 women’s names in the London section of the Medical Directory, of which only four were associated with anaesthesia. 

However, it was in the treatment of cervical and rectal cancers that Aldrich-Blake went on to do pioneering work. 

At the start of WW1 qualified women doctors who offered to help at the front were rejected. Despite this snub, Aldrich-Blake gave up her Christmas vacation to go to France to work at a 600-bed field hospital near Paris. 

She spent all her holidays tending wounded soldiers there until 1916, when the army finally requested her assistance. She then sent a written request to all 125 women doctors on the General Medical Register, asking them if they were willing to serve with the Royal Army Medical Corps. 80 responded to this rallying call and Louisa arranged the rota for them to work in Egypt, Malta and Thessaloniki.  

Whilst working as a busy surgeon she also volunteered at Canning Town Women’s Settlement Hospital in London’s east end. She would cycle there after a full day performing surgical procedures at the Royal Free. 

Louisa never married and was described as serene, free from vanity, and a little aloof. 

She died in 1925 and this statue has been here since 1926.

STOP: Virgina Woolf

LOCATION: Tavistock Square Gardens, south west corner

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Virginia Woolf was born in 1882 into a world of upper middle class educated elites. 

Virginia moved to Bloomsbury in 1904. Here she surrounded herself with friends from Cambridge University - the artists, writers and philosophers who would collectively become known as the Bloomsbury Group.

People such as John Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey, Roger Fry, Duncan Grant, E.M. Forster and Leonard Woolf. 

Virginia married Leonard in 1912 and together they founded the Hogarth Press, which published T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land and Virginia’s later novels.

Virginia’s novels tested the boundaries of traditional narrative. Rather than following Victorian and Edwardian conventions for plotting and character development, she focused on the inner worlds of her characters.

Virginia was happily married to Leonard for almost 30 years, but she also had an intense affair with another married writer, Vita Sackville-West. Virginia's love of Vita inspired the novel Orlando (published 1928), which imagines Vita (as Orlando) living through centuries, shifting gender and commenting on the changing assumptions about love, marriage and the role of women over time. 

Alhough Virginia Woolf is often seen as a London writer (which she certainly was), she loved the South Downs and purchased a house there which was used as a winter retreat. 

Virginia Woolf's novels are now among the most important works of modern English literature. Her books reveal her profound skill as a writer, as well as her broad-ranging, fluid approach to life. To her, gender and sexuality were not made up of a simple, confining set of rules. They were a malleable, shifting spectrum of experiences.

For most of her life Virginia suffered from bouts of mental illness - a condition that would lead her to die by suicide in 1941.

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STOP: Noor Inayat Khan

LOCATION: Gordon Square gardens, north east corner

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Khan was a wartime British secret agent of Indian descent who was the first female radio operator sent into Nazi-occupied France by the Special Operations Executive (SOE). She was arrested and eventually executed by the Gestapo.

Khan was born in Moscow to an Indian father and an American mother. She was a direct descendant of Tipu Sultan, the 18th century Muslim ruler of Mysore. The family  moved to London and then to Paris, where Khan was educated and later worked writing children’s stories. Khan escaped to England after the fall of France and in November 1940 she joined the Women's Auxiliary Air Force. 

In 1942 she was recruited to join SOE as a radio operator. She became the radio operator for the resistance network in Paris, with the codename 'Madeleine'. 

Many members of the network were arrested shortly after her arrival but she chose to remain in France and spent the summer moving from place to place, trying to send messages back to London while avoiding capture.

In October, Khan was betrayed and arrested by the Gestapo. She had unwisely kept copies of all her secret signals and the Germans were able to use her radio to trick London into sending new agents - straight into the hands of the waiting Gestapo. 

Following an escape attempt she was sent to prison in Germany where she was kept in chains and in solitary confinement. 

Despite repeated torture, she refused to reveal any information. On 13 September 1944 Khan and three other female SOE agents were executed by firing squad at the Dachau concentration camp.

For her courage, Noor Khan was posthumously awarded the George Cross in 1949.

ENDS AT RUSSELL SQUARE